① 求用一個英文片段介紹電腦的發展歷史
計算機發展史
計算機於1946年問世，有人說是由於戰爭的需要而產生的，我們認為計算機產生的根本動力是人們為創造更多的物質財富，是為了把人薯蘆的大腦延伸，讓人的潛力得到更大的發展。正如汽車的發明是使人的雙腿延伸一樣，計算機的發明事實上是對人腦智力的繼承和延伸。近10年來，計算機的應用日益深入到社會的各個領域，如管理、辦公自動化等。由於計算機的日益向智能化發展，於是人們乾脆把微型計算機稱之為「電腦」了。
計算機產生的動力是人們想發明一種能進行科學計算的機器，因此稱之為計算機。它一誕生，就立即成了先進生產力的代表，掀開自工業革命後的又一場新的科學技術革命。
要追溯計算機的發明，可以由中國古時開始說起，古時人類發明算盤去處理一些數據，利用撥弄算珠的方法，人們無需進行心算,通過固定的口訣就可以將答案計算出來。這種被稱為「計算與邏輯運算」的運作概念傳入西方後，被美國人加以發揚光大。直到十六世紀,發明了一部可協助處理乘數等較為復雜數學算式的機械，被稱為「棋盤計算器」，但這時期只屬於純計算的階段,要到十九世紀才有急速的發展。
第一代電子管計算機(1945-1956)
在第二次世界大戰中，美國政府尋求計算機以開發潛在的戰略價值。這促進了備手毀計算機的研究與發展。1944年霍華德.艾肯(1900-1973)研製出全電子計算器，為美國海軍繪制彈道圖。這台簡稱 Mark I 的機器有半個足球場大，內含500英里的電線，使用電磁信號來移動機械部件，速度很慢(3-5秒一次計算)並且適應性很差只用於專門領域，但是，它既可以執行基本算術運算也可以運算復雜的等式。
1946年2月14日，標志現代計算機誕生的ENIAC(The Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer)在費城公諸於世。ENIAC代表了計算機發展史上的里程碑，它通過不同部分之間的重新接線編程，還擁有並行計算能力。ENIAC由美國政府和賓夕法尼亞大學合作開發，使用了18，000個電子管，70，000個電阻器，有5百萬個焊接點，耗電160千瓦，其運算速度比Mark I快1000倍，ENIAC是第一台普通用途計算機。
40年代中仿備期，馮.諾依曼(1903-1957)參加了賓夕法尼亞大學的小組，1945年設計電子離散可變自動計算機EDVAC(Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer)，將程序和數據以相同的格式一起儲存在存儲器中。這使得計算機可以在任意點暫停或繼續工作，機器結構的關鍵部分是中央處理器，它使計算機所有功能通過單一的資源統一起來。
Development of computer history
Computer came in 1946, it was said to be e to the needs of the war and we have a computer that is the fundamental driving force for people to create more material wealth to the people of the extension of the brain, so that the potential for greater發展. As is the invention of the automobile is an extension of the legs, like the invention of the computer is in fact the human brain and the extension of the inheritance of intelligence. Over the past 10 years, the increasing application of computers into society in various fields such as management, office automation, and so on. As the computer increasingly to the development of intelligent, so people just take micro-computer called the "computer".
Computer generated power is an invention like to be able to carry out scientific computing machine, so call it a computer. I was born it immediately became the representative of the advanced proctive forces, since the instrial revolution opened after a new scientific and technological revolution.
Retroactive to the invention of the computer, you can start from ancient China, ancient inventions of human thinking to tackle some of the data, move to and fro use of the method of counting the beads, without the need for mental arithmetic, through a fixed formula can be calculated from the answers. This is called "calculation and logic operations," the concept of the operation into the West after the Americans were to be carried forward. Until the sixteenth century, the invention of a multiplier to help deal with more complicated mathematical formula, such as the machinery, known as the "chessboard calculator", but this time only pure calculation of the stage, it is necessary to be rapid in the nineteenth century發展.
The first generation of vacuum tube computer (1945-1956)
During World War II, the U.S. government to seek to develop computer potential strategic value. This computer has promoted the research and development. Howard in 1944. Aiken (1900-1973) developed a fully electronic calculator, in order to draw the U.S. Navy ballistic map. This referred to as the Mark I machine half a football field, contains 500 miles of wire, the use of electromagnetic signals to mobile components of mechanical, slow (3-5 seconds, a calculation) and poor adaptability only specialized in the field However, it can perform basic arithmetic operations can be complex computing equation.
February 14, 1946, marks the birth of the modern computer ENIAC (The Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer) in Philadelphia made public. ENIAC computer represents a milestone in the history of the development through different parts of the connection between the re-programming, also has a parallel computing power. ENIAC by the U.S. government at the University of Pennsylvania and co-development, the use of the 18,000 tubes, 70,000 resistors, there are 5 million welding points, 160 kilowatt power, the Mark I faster than 1000 times faster, ENIAC was the first A general-purpose computer.
In the mid-40, Frederick. Neumann (1903-1957) attended the University of Pennsylvania team, in 1945 the design of electronic discrete variable automatic computer EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer), will be the same programs and data stored in the format together Memory. This computer can be suspended at any point, or continue to work, the machine's structure is a key part of the central processing unit, it makes all the computer functions through a single unified resource.