① 求用一个英文片段介绍电脑的发展历史
计算机发展史
计算机于1946年问世，有人说是由于战争的需要而产生的，我们认为计算机产生的根本动力是人们为创造更多的物质财富，是为了把人薯芦的大脑延伸，让人的潜力得到更大的发展。正如汽车的发明是使人的双腿延伸一样，计算机的发明事实上是对人脑智力的继承和延伸。近10年来，计算机的应用日益深入到社会的各个领域，如管理、办公自动化等。由于计算机的日益向智能化发展，于是人们干脆把微型计算机称之为“电脑”了。
计算机产生的动力是人们想发明一种能进行科学计算的机器，因此称之为计算机。它一诞生，就立即成了先进生产力的代表，掀开自工业革命后的又一场新的科学技术革命。
要追溯计算机的发明，可以由中国古时开始说起，古时人类发明算盘去处理一些数据，利用拨弄算珠的方法，人们无需进行心算,通过固定的口诀就可以将答案计算出来。这种被称为“计算与逻辑运算”的运作概念传入西方后，被美国人加以发扬光大。直到十六世纪,发明了一部可协助处理乘数等较为复杂数学算式的机械，被称为“棋盘计算器”，但这时期只属于纯计算的阶段,要到十九世纪才有急速的发展。
第一代电子管计算机(1945-1956)
在第二次世界大战中，美国政府寻求计算机以开发潜在的战略价值。这促进了备手毁计算机的研究与发展。1944年霍华德.艾肯(1900-1973)研制出全电子计算器，为美国海军绘制弹道图。这台简称 Mark I 的机器有半个足球场大，内含500英里的电线，使用电磁信号来移动机械部件，速度很慢(3-5秒一次计算)并且适应性很差只用于专门领域，但是，它既可以执行基本算术运算也可以运算复杂的等式。
1946年2月14日，标志现代计算机诞生的ENIAC(The Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer)在费城公诸于世。ENIAC代表了计算机发展史上的里程碑，它通过不同部分之间的重新接线编程，还拥有并行计算能力。ENIAC由美国政府和宾夕法尼亚大学合作开发，使用了18，000个电子管，70，000个电阻器，有5百万个焊接点，耗电160千瓦，其运算速度比Mark I快1000倍，ENIAC是第一台普通用途计算机。
40年代中仿备期，冯.诺依曼(1903-1957)参加了宾夕法尼亚大学的小组，1945年设计电子离散可变自动计算机EDVAC(Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer)，将程序和数据以相同的格式一起储存在存储器中。这使得计算机可以在任意点暂停或继续工作，机器结构的关键部分是中央处理器，它使计算机所有功能通过单一的资源统一起来。
Development of computer history
Computer came in 1946, it was said to be e to the needs of the war and we have a computer that is the fundamental driving force for people to create more material wealth to the people of the extension of the brain, so that the potential for greater发展. As is the invention of the automobile is an extension of the legs, like the invention of the computer is in fact the human brain and the extension of the inheritance of intelligence. Over the past 10 years, the increasing application of computers into society in various fields such as management, office automation, and so on. As the computer increasingly to the development of intelligent, so people just take micro-computer called the "computer".
Computer generated power is an invention like to be able to carry out scientific computing machine, so call it a computer. I was born it immediately became the representative of the advanced proctive forces, since the instrial revolution opened after a new scientific and technological revolution.
Retroactive to the invention of the computer, you can start from ancient China, ancient inventions of human thinking to tackle some of the data, move to and fro use of the method of counting the beads, without the need for mental arithmetic, through a fixed formula can be calculated from the answers. This is called "calculation and logic operations," the concept of the operation into the West after the Americans were to be carried forward. Until the sixteenth century, the invention of a multiplier to help deal with more complicated mathematical formula, such as the machinery, known as the "chessboard calculator", but this time only pure calculation of the stage, it is necessary to be rapid in the nineteenth century发展.
The first generation of vacuum tube computer (1945-1956)
During World War II, the U.S. government to seek to develop computer potential strategic value. This computer has promoted the research and development. Howard in 1944. Aiken (1900-1973) developed a fully electronic calculator, in order to draw the U.S. Navy ballistic map. This referred to as the Mark I machine half a football field, contains 500 miles of wire, the use of electromagnetic signals to mobile components of mechanical, slow (3-5 seconds, a calculation) and poor adaptability only specialized in the field However, it can perform basic arithmetic operations can be complex computing equation.
February 14, 1946, marks the birth of the modern computer ENIAC (The Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer) in Philadelphia made public. ENIAC computer represents a milestone in the history of the development through different parts of the connection between the re-programming, also has a parallel computing power. ENIAC by the U.S. government at the University of Pennsylvania and co-development, the use of the 18,000 tubes, 70,000 resistors, there are 5 million welding points, 160 kilowatt power, the Mark I faster than 1000 times faster, ENIAC was the first A general-purpose computer.
In the mid-40, Frederick. Neumann (1903-1957) attended the University of Pennsylvania team, in 1945 the design of electronic discrete variable automatic computer EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer), will be the same programs and data stored in the format together Memory. This computer can be suspended at any point, or continue to work, the machine's structure is a key part of the central processing unit, it makes all the computer functions through a single unified resource.